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Battle of Toro
The Battle of Toro was a royal battle from the War of the Castilian Succession, fought on 1 March 1476, near the city of Toro, between the Castilian troops of the Catholic Monarchs and the Portuguese-Castilian forces of Afonso V and Prince John.
The battle had an inconclusive military outcome,〔↓ French historian Joseph-Louis Desormeaux: ''"...The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemy´s right wing led by Alfonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians"'' in ( ''Abrégé chronologique de l´histoire de l´Éspagne'' ), Duchesne, Paris, 1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25.〕〔↓ French historian M. de Marlés: ''"...the infant'' (John ) ''and the duke'' (Alba, the main Castilian commander ) ''remained masters, each on his side, of the battlefield. The latter withdrew during the night ;” '' in ( ''Histoire de Portugal'' ), Parent-Desbarres, Éditeur, Paris, 1840, page 190.〕〔↓ German academic Heinrich Schaeffer: ''“The two Kings had left the battlefield before the action was decided... In the end, the prince stood alone on the field as a winner after the defeat of the main'' () ''body. Until that defeat, ''()'' John chased the six divisions beaten by him..."'' in ( ''Histoire de Portugal'' ), translated from German into French by H. Soulange-Bodin, Adolphe Delahays, Libraire-editeur, Paris, 1858, p.554-555.〕〔↓ British historian Edward McMurdo: ''“...the battle of Toro in which both adversaries proclaimed themselves conquerors, (...) it was no more than a success of war sufficiently doubtful for either party, ...were it not that the cause of D. Alfonso V was already virtually lost by the successive defection of his partisans..."'' in ( ''The history of Portugal from the reign of D. Diniz to the reign of D. Alfonso V'' ), 2nd volume, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1889, p. 515. ISBN 978-1150496042〕〔↓ historian Germán Carrera Damas: ''"But Alfonso failed to defeat the supporters of Isabella and Ferdinand, and the battle of Toro (1476) resulted indecisive."'' in ( ''História general de América Latina'' ), Ediciones UNESCO/ Editorial Trotta, Paris, 2000, volume II, p. 35.〕 as both sides claimed victory: the Castilian right wing was defeated by the forces under Prince John who possessed the battlefield, but the troops of Afonso V were beaten by the Castilian left-centre led by the Duke of Alba and Cardinal Mendoza.〔↓ Irish historian John B. Bury: ''“After nine months, occupied with frontier raids and fruitless negotiations, the Castilian and Portuguese armies met at Toro...and fought an indecisive battle, for while Afonso was beaten and fled, his son john destroyed the forces opposed to him.."'' in ( ''The Cambridge Medieval History'' ), Macmillan, 1959, Volume 8, ( p.523 ).〕〔↓ French historian Jean Dumont: ''“In the centre, leading the popular milicia, Ferdinand achieves victory taking the standarts of the King of Portugal and causing his troops to flee. In the ''()'' right wing, the forces of Cardinal ''()'' and Duke of Alba and the nobles do the same. But in the ''()'' left Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdrawal of the Portugal’s King ''(as its direct consequence since this only happened three months and a half later, on 13 June 1476, after several military operations )'', the surrender of the Zamora’s fortress on Mars 19, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes."'', in ( ''La "incomparable” Isabel la Catolica/ The imcomparable Isabel the Catholic'' ), Encuentro Ediciones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada, Madrid, 1993 (Spanish edition), p.49〕
However, it was a major political victory for the Catholic Monarchs by assuring to Isabella the throne of Castile:〔↓ Spanish historian Julián María Rubio: ''"The solution of this conflict is also similar to the previous one. The indecisive battle of Toro, which was certainly not in its results and consequences, puts an end to the indubitable "Portuguese danger" to Castile"'', in ( ''Felipe II y Portugal'' ), Voluntad, Madrid, 1927, Volume I de Manuales Hispania, ( p. 34 ).〕〔↓ Spanish historian Rafael Ballester y Castell: ''“The King of Portugal simply remained on the defensive; the first March 1476, he was attacked by Ferdinand of Aragon in front of the town of Toro. The battle was indecisive, but ''()'' the supporters of the Catholic Monarchs asserting their superiority, the Portuguese King withdrew"'' in ( ''Histoire de l'Espagne'' ), Payot, 1928, ( p.132 ).〕 The remnants of the nobles loyal to Juana de Trastámara adhered to Isabella. With great political vision, Isabella took advantage of the moment and summoned the 'Cortes' at Madrigal-Segovia (April–October 1476).〔↓ Marvin Lunenfeld: ''“In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo, Ferdinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and called the 'Cortes' at Madrigal. The newly created prestige was used to gain municipal support from their allies...” in ( ''The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella'' ), University of Miami Press, 1970, p.27.〕 There her daughter was proclaimed and sworn heiress of the Castile's crown, which was equivalent to legitimizing her own throne.
As noted by Spanish academic António Serrano:''“From all of this it can be deduced that the battle ''(Toro )'' was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle ''(commemorative temple of the battle of Toro )'' ”''.〔↓ António M. Serrano- ( ''San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro'' ), revista Toletum, 1979(9) p.55-70. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. ISSN: ( 0210-6310 )〕
The war continued until the peace of Alcáçovas (1479), and the official propaganda transformed the Battle of Toro into a victory which avenged Aljubarrota.〔↓ Spanish historian josé Maria Cordero Torres: '' "...later... were those ''()'' of Alfonso V to the Castilian crown ''()'' also finished by tiredness and not by the indecisive battle of Toro, which was transformed by the Spanish in another Aljubarrota..." '' in ( ''Fronteras Hispanicas: geographia e historia, diplomacia y administracion'' ), Instituto de Estudios Políticos, 1960, (p.303 ).〕〔↓ Spanish historian Juan Contreas y Lopes de Ayala Lozoya: ''“This famous Franciscan convent '' (Juan de los Reyes ) ''intended to be a replica of the Batalha ''(Portuguese monastery built after Aljubarrota )'', and was built to commemorate the indecisive battle of Toro."'' in ( ''El arte gótico en España: arquitectura, escultura, pintura'' ), Editorial Labor, 1945, ( p. 85 )〕〔Spanish historian ↓ A. Ballesteros Beretta: ''“His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...)both sides attributed themselves the victory (...) The letters written by the King ''()'' to the main cities (...) are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic ''()'' achieved the fruits of a discussed victory.”'' In ( ''Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de España'' ), ''Ejército'' revue , nr 16, p.56, May 1941.〕〔↓ Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela- ( ''La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)'' ): ''“That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana`s cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory”''.〕
==Overview==
Spanish historians Luis Suárez Fernández, Juan de Mata Carriazo and Manuel Fernández Álvarez wrote: ''“Not a military victory, but a political victory, the battle of Toro is in itself a decisive event, because it solves the civil war in favour of the Catholic Monarchs, leaving as a relic, a border clash between the two countries ''(and Portugal )''...”'',〔''“From a strictly military point of view, the battle of Toro cannot be considered a clear victory, but only a favorable fight for'' (cause of ) ''the Catholic Monarchs. It is not its intrinsic value which causes the joyful explosion of happiness among the chroniclers, but the consequences that resulted from it... because it definitely discourages the supporters of Juana (( p. 157 )) ...but this document'' (letter sent by Ferdinand to the cities of Castile claiming victory )... ''does not contradict in any way the reality of the fact that a part of the Portuguese army, having defeated the Castilian right wing, remained on the field, withdrawing in the next day without opposition. Militarily, it is an uninteresting battle, but of great political relevance, and, in this sense, is entirely favorable to the Catholic Kings (( p. 161 ))… Not a military victory, but a political victory, the battle of Toro is in itself, a decisive event…”''. (( p. 163 )). In ↓ Mata Carriazo; Luis Suárez Fernández; Fernández Álvárez – ( La España de los Reyes Católicos (1474-1516) ), Espasa-Calpe, 1969 and 1995, pp. 157, 161, 163.〕 La España de los Reyes Católicos (1474–1516).
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